Mystery Planet

And this — or even a number of black holes — may still be out there, circling the solar system. Capture of a free-floating planet is a leading explanation for the origin of Planet Nine and we show that the probability of capturing a primordial black hole instead is comparable.

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This is because it travels almost perpendicular to the rest of the planets and objects in our solar system. A variant of this, called splashing, would have involved collisions between molten objects at lower velocities, releasing droplets into space that solidified into chondrules.

The nebula shock model, meanwhile, posits that Mars-sized planetary embryos moving through the nebula could act like boats sailing through water, fusing dust into chondrules.

Other ideas include radiative heating, a relatively new idea that suggests planetesimals flying low over molten bodies could have been roasted and then cooled to produce chondrules.

Against this rising theoretical tide, some wilder notions have already been ruled out. Events from outside the solar system such as gamma-ray bursts—enormously energetic explosions from sources such as merging neutron stars or black holes—were once considered a possibility, but now seem implausible owing to the great distances involved.

Even so, many models still remain, complicated by the fact that chondrules are not really predicted by planet formation at all.

Narrowing down which of the remaining theories is correct is hard, and arguments can get heated.

At stake is what role chondrules played in our solar system. If they were among the first solids to form, then some inescapable process took place around our young sun that could explain how planet formation begins around most any star.

But if not, are they less vital to the process than once thought? Most of our ideas on chondrule formation come from modeling of the early solar system and performing experiments on Earth to replicate different formation methods.

Meteorite scientist Aimee Smith from the University of Manchester and her colleagues are one of several teams around the world that perform such experiments, mixing chemicals into a powder to resemble different types of known chondrule compositions.

Then they place the powder in a furnace and heat it to extremely high temperatures for anywhere from hours to days, before cooling it to mimic different formation models.

Experiments like these are crucial for understanding chondrules in concert with modeling of the solar system.

Recent work on measurements of isotope ratios in meteorites suggest two different reservoirs of chondrites formed early on, one in the inner solar system and one in the outer solar system, where chondrules may have been produced separately.

These separate populations would have mixed together after Jupiter, having initially formed more than twice as close to the sun, migrated out to its present position, an idea called the grand tack hypothesis.

Elsewhere, observations of other solar systems—in particular, protoplanetary disks of dust and gas around young stars—are yielding useful information about possible scenarios for chondrule creation.

In , astrophysicist Huan Meng from the University of Arizona and colleagues saw evidence for a potential protoplanetary smash-up around a star called NGC ID8 more than 1, light-years from Earth, in the form of a flash of infrared light.

While not definitively linked to the formation of chondrules, the observation at least showed that suitably energetic collisions to make them do seem to occur in young systems.

In the future, we should also be able to better probe the distribution of dust around young stars with higher resolution images, letting us possibly refine some models of chondrule formation.

If chondrules are among the first solids to form around stars, they could be crucial catalysts for subsequent planet formation, in particular the jump from dust-sized to kilometer-sized objects.

Could those pebbles in fact be chondrules? And as it happens, we just got one. He and his team will begin studying the samples in earnest next year, after they are transported from Australia back to Japan.

Images from the lander showed many white markings on the surface, which may have been CAIs, but also could have been chondrules. It was, and still is, a rare feat for astronomers to see a planet in optical light from outside our solar system directly -- usually they are obscured by the light from their stars and so far away they don't blink at us like a star might.

But in , Kalas used Hubble to look at Fomalhaut and noticed a speckle of light in the images. It was one of the first times an exoplanet had ever been imaged.

But Fomalhaut b vanished. New research, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday , reveals Fomalhaut b may not be a planet at all.

Instead, it may be the lingering light from a giant collision between two huge asteroids. An animation simulating the collision of two huge asteroids.

The ring of debris surrounding star Fomalhaut is displayed in yellow, while inset, a simulation shows the fading signal from to The notion Fomalhaut b may not be an exoplanet has been raised since its discovery by Kalas in Although visible in optical light, researchers couldn't find the infrared signature a planet that size should create.

As a result, Fomalhaut b's true identity has remained enigmatic. Alternative hypotheses have been suggested in the past, including in Kalas's original paper.

The film was adapted twice for the US market. It was first brought over as a video release in , with dubbed voices.

The second time, it was released in the s as part of Mikhail Baryshnikov 's "Stories from My Childhood" series. This series consisted of films that were bought by California-based company Films by Jove from Soyuzmultfilm for the international market.

The film has been released on DVD several times the latest release, which featured rather misleading cover art, was in October [4].

The original Russian version with English subtitles is here: [5]. The Films by Jove version of the film has been criticized by some of those who saw the original for adding many extra dialogue lines, shortening the film, and replacing the unique synthesizer music by Alexander Zatsepin.

The original film has been released on several DVD editions in Russia, including a newly restored one by Krupnyy Plan.

Kachanov's best-known works, " The Mitten ", " Gena the Crocodile ", " Cheburashka ", " Shapoklyak " and others were shot in stop motion volume animation.

The characters were designed by Natalya Orlova. Her daughter, the actress Ekaterina Semyonova, said that Alice was based on her, and her father, the director Tengiz Semyonov , was the prototype for Captain Zelyonyy.

Music for the movie was written by Aleksandr Zatsepin. According to Zatsepin, original records of music in his record library didn't remain.

The animated film was twice released in the USA. The first dubbing, "Mystery of the Third Planet" , came out on video in Alice's name was changed to Christine, and overall the translation had little in common with the original.

Consequently, this legally-sourced version is often mistaken for a bootlegged edition. The second version, "Alice and the Mystery of the Third Planet" , was released in the s by the Films by Jove company.

In this version, the translation is much closer to the original, though a large amount of dialogue which was not in the original was also added.

In this version, the soundtrack was replaced and about 6 minutes were cut out. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. DVD cover Krupnyy Plan.

Release date.